GRAPH THEORY FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS
By
Riddhi Jangid, Gajendra Pratap Singh and Tushar Dedha∗
School of Computational and Integrative Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067
Email: riddhijangid97@gmail.com, gajendra@jnu.ac.in, tushardedhajnu@gmail.com
*Corresponding Author
(Received: August 01, 2025, Revised: February 15, 2026; Accepted: March 10, 2026)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58250/jnanabha.2026.561P-1
Abstract
Graphs are mathematical structures composed of nodes and edges representing entity relationships. They help analyze the network properties, and model real-world phenomena to understand the complex and tricky systems. There are several applications of graphs in real-life problems. This article deals with the applications and modeling of graph theory in computer science, network biology, and chemical processes. We can also use graph theory to study the structural properties of network topologies such as star and wheel graphs, and Peterson graphs. It can also be used to learn the graph operations that can help study the infectious diseases network like COVID-19. Also, it can study network optimization by finding the optimal cost, optimal route, shortest distance, and the study of spanning networks. This is a fundamental article specifically for beginners.
2020 Mathematical Sciences Classification: 05Cxx, 05C85, 05C90
Keywords and Phrases: Graphs, networks, adjacency matrix, modelling, complex systems.